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:''For Joseph McKenna the member (Volunteer) in the Irish Republican Army, see List of members of the Irish Republican Army. For the American state legislator, see Joseph D. McKenna.'' Joseph McKenna (August 10, 1843 – November 21, 1926) was an American politician who served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Attorney General and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court. He is one of seventeen members of the House of Representatives who subsequently served on the Supreme Court (including two Chief Justices).〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Clerk of the House of Representatives )〕 ==Biography== Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Irish Catholic immigrants, he attended St. Joseph's College and the Collegiate Institute at Benicia, California. After being admitted to the California bar in 1865, he became District Attorney for Solano County and then campaigned for and won a seat in the California State Assembly for two years (1875–1877). He retired after one term and an unsuccessful bid for Speaker of the House.〔(Joseph McKenna at ) Supreme Court Historical Society.〕 After two unsuccessful attempts, McKenna was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1885 and served for four terms. He was appointed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in 1892 by President Benjamin Harrison.〔 In 1897 he was appointed the 42nd Attorney General of the United States by President William McKinley, and served in that capacity until 1898.〔(Department of Justice, Joseph McKenna Attorney General. )〕 He was then appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to succeed Justice Stephen J. Field. McKenna was named by President McKinley on January 28, 1898 and took his seat the next day. Conscious of his limited credentials, McKenna took courses at Columbia Law School for several months to improve his legal education before taking his seat on the Court. Although he never developed a consistent legal philosophy, McKenna was the author of a number of important decisions. One of the most notable was his opinion in the case of ''United States v. U.S. Steel Corporation'' (1920) which held that antitrust cases would be decided on the “rule of reason” principle—only alleged monopolistic combinations that are in unreasonable restraint of trade—are illegal.〔(Joseph McKennat at ) infoplease.〕 McKenna was known to be a centrist, and was one of the most vigorous members of the Supreme Court. He authored 614 majority opinions, and 146 dissenting opinions during his time on the bench.(Supreme Court Decisions ) His passionate rebuttal to the denial of "pecuniary benefit" to a wife whose husband had been killed while working on the railroad was among those which brought a change to the Employer Liability Act. His most noteworthy opinions are ''Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States'' 220 U.S. 45 (1911),〔(''Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States'' syllabus at Justia.com )〕〔(''Hipolite Egg Co. v. United States'' full text opinion at Justia.com )〕 in which a unanimous Court upheld the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, In ''Hoke v. United States'', he concurred in upholding the Mann Act, a/k/a "White-Slave Traffic Act". However, four years later, he dissented from the Court's opinion in ''Caminetti v. United States'' (1917), which held the act applied to private, noncommercial enticements to cross state lines for purposes of a sexual liaison. According to McKenna, the Act regulated only commercial vice, ''i.e.'', "immoralities having a mercenary purpose." 〔(Ariens, Michael, Joseph McKenna at ) michaelariens.com.〕 While McKenna was generally quite favorable to federal power, he joined the Court's substantive due process jurisprudence and voted with the majority in 1905's ''Lochner v. New York'', which struck down a state maximum-hours law for bakery workers,〔 This decision carried broader implications for the scope of federal power, at least until the New Deal and the 1937 switch-in-time-that-saved-nine. ''See,'' Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937. McKenna resigned from the Court in January 1925 at the suggestion of Chief Justice William Howard Taft.〔Appel, JM. (Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice ), August 22, 2009.〕 McKenna's ability to perform his duties had been diminished significantly by a stroke suffered ten years earlier, and by the end of his tenure McKenna could not be counted on to write coherent opinions.〔 Justice McKenna was one of thirteen Catholic justices (out of the 112 total through the appointment of Justice Elena Kagan) in the history of the Supreme Court.〔(Religious affiliation of Supreme Court justices ) Justice Sherman Minton converted to Catholicism after his retirement.〕 McKenna married Amanda Borneman in 1869, and the couple had three daughters and one son.〔 McKenna died on November 21, 1926.〔 in Washington, D.C.. His remains are interred at the city's Mount Olivet Cemetery.〔 Supreme Court Historical Society at Internet Archive.〕〔''See also'', Christensen, George A., ''Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited'', ''Journal of Supreme Court History'', Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17 – 41 (19 Feb 2008), University of Alabama.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joseph McKenna」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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